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acquisition off rec1aLattitudes:and t.he_ race_concept hgve been_qui_ ge
*

numerous.

‘

f

I

W

and

ident.iAficat.ion*1n*chi1.cLr’eii”of"’a;gES13 1}Q__','I,y§QI’§,’,)Ia5

t.o_T,a_~1ar‘g*e~

_

’

This would in¢i*c*ate4.hat;at,;an 6-<‘it‘ly_;8_;g¢bhQ_1'!f;l_I,_Q§___1§>1‘1!‘ef&!‘enCQ'Of
the child

_;_;T__'

H

~_

their own skin*co1orf

extent. influenced ~_bpthe iconcneia-Lfact.

W

'

_7_

V9 0

children interiorize ; adu1t_ nor_ms_a.Iong
Horowitz.

devoted to

study was

establish

€__,cocununit_y_ Ln_order_t0

what noms axisted

,1 H
W

The“

i

'

;,;__,_,;1___

results indicated that the. attitudes;o£_eh11chien_ve”re
as a

o’1‘_soo1a1_awai-enesgi and:notIS'in1p1}"j7TT_T,__ if;;;*;*

as a functd.on?o£i1_é?1ti1Id?ye1Qpment.

‘

Racialjrxi re11g1;2_u;_c9ngeptionsptlchildién *were;investiga_t_gd:__
by Rt-ike, Tiager, and Ua’vis.?’
1.mpa'

ct.

;_

_

1

of d-a¢ni.naln_LcnRural_valuesjhan_{H<TiviZi1Z11v‘ariatiohs’.iri;’

environment and
of racial

Of uriderflblndine
imqrg éhildren of ages

than were »~all1'7I¢T:‘ua*n,;,7H§_6B'i\§§§Y%§Y1HjI§1o2'£10n8é

'

Thefeforei; itfl”,

was c0nc1§1d§d,_ptf§jud1éeS deve1qpe=ffro:n;_€r1?HrTd—<:>'1‘
children were” 8X1>0§_¢_<1g_tOa1_

;j;_jj

4;

;__ I;

SClark, K, §,1arxi
"Racial Identificationand
in Negro c:311a;T;,- Bidding;@1n,§bQiéi1”EQ:g:E§l9g{

éfiorowitz,
Attitudes

fllfll

RTE;;**"me*nJv51apvi¢nz of
,_;q;., H1!

?Radka, MU;Tfé§ei‘TH,”{;11dfDav1s; 11.; “Socialfegpeptions
of Chi1dre;_1;'! Gongtig §§}7§b;5I6i:I46h§§i'Ta'gfis:j”¥o1.

-

***** ~

Aw

_

i

'

-19-

Q; $1;
of money’ an-;i*t‘r;ei£*1é§}i%~Thése_studies,
P

Yif’fff;'

K

the areas

.I¥;;;:,_V
have dealt, with ascending

levels of lgnowlédgé ofthe concept from the

concrete

the concept tcra more;abst.r2lctiv_e, deductive
3p_D1'iC81LiQn*Qf' the_con-L

cept.

Each

certain,pferequi.site;léai'tiihg1§_;;l’~IH

prior to late:-—

2-za*iyisma1Z=§_;6r; ébZhEé’pj.:deve1opment

been

Wcihiildrenlof‘iva*ri?>11sfT;__T;~;_Z_T"

ages L010»: a~bout"a_eer1t.ain_concept.;§ox;ex.ample,
-

of the

'3
__1o _ _fi, f _fi_ ;:
Sténdler
qin L study”,__;__T¥_,:_
;

____

15, __illusTt,1§a}.*ed*Q how the’

social

"

*

f

_ W"
2
-he awarene§s_oLsocia1

1-P

?

passine:

1

tmvah

'

I

*‘*" * ”" *"“"
gm tic’.
f77___/Z

*

Ind ;sys m

-

_cla,ss_d_1.Ife1:ences was_founcLt,o
3

I

7*” ”’ iiw?’

i

7

'

7

i

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"

;_;

of

o£”édult_stereo_typ;~;I and rieognitibitbf

Z

ind ividual di.t‘ferences_1n_s oc1aLc1a as . _,;__W_7_____§
i;*W;'V~ I

'

_
V

iéi l'}—i__Vj_,_;;__'_i_=

In attempting,j,Q;§§gi)Lithe Bane'§"¢<§6¢¢B{?52“ 51: cup,ati*c>’n§1f§T""61€§
an-:1

awarenesas of*t‘rre;oc‘cTpition,a1_st~atus system; it is not;inteT1'defd”i”1**T?i***”3

to illustrat~e";'<.he<prereq\1isite learni ng stages_
necessarygj@§jOItT€€{>§jl;I;T*
,

formation.

~The*:<:hi1di‘erLw111,_be

tested directly

occupational roles.‘¥_,Th1s‘%;-‘rill includemgcognitionflof the o15e\1pa§.i<$ns,7”

Z

def:Lnitions,~ f&iictibfis]”*and 1dcationé"6f}the vari6us;occupations, ‘ Iii’”“*”’*T7l
R

V

‘Schuessler,~K.—and"St,ra»IssTAi;""A

Concept Learning_by>Scale

5t,vdy_ of

V

,

'_r5ir;t,_gQ£nd
S1je.de_S;<;F_oo1Q§§_é§"M.,,A._Thesis1l9Sl,
__
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W
‘
_

lOStend1er, C. a.,~gn11yqr5>_r;§pa;sgg~q9;“‘

_

__

_

156, 59-~75?-7b3r'1"'"'""‘"*""1i"**‘

9we1nsw1n,i 5'“: f»:W162ir@n§;a:;iiliéé;66d§§;iil§if;Fi3gi;1gh;;<1;;n*
§-1

,

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fndia.na~'Jnive-rsity.

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_

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—*

’

1!?

~

F!»

%E=—p_‘

"3
£

‘

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tesbins aw§renessfof;the‘occupattUna1*§tatus‘syStem, which is defined 1*
as the groupin;*of occupationséintofcategoIi§$_Ac99rQin;
1*:-nkeu 2J.on;~;1a sca1e**ci‘"p-restige

of work or;
in1“eriorit_j,',

_s_vm*:>o1s“

F

W”

,

to the type=+:;;:;:;:;g>

superiarity and*""*"¢~*"""

*

~__

~

for es-cm*1ével_wi1l__be__5_€’1&§§:ted_

4

__

to be AS59013E6G3Wi$iT§hBiO€QUpACiQfl81lC€tBaOPyT*47

The Fly.-o'the se1s_11_i_.=; nadibe1fi*fi%1”éi1"s1‘;5*t;Fg36s$ iblei"i-e1é’ti5fiship§j;;;
th est fa ct.ors;ms t §1e;*re;a*rde§ia s

am.)I'!g_

*

t,e.nt.a t ive ,

E

They#~i'e pres;”e”hti1‘i:_

_

prelirainerj; proposifirs::siwm:ehiw,1?rE1we;b;e_sLe<i_,wi_tb_dataf§ether¢df_inT_'

the

A,

_

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é

From evidence21:;r;ei,a_1lg8;Ctu§_i;;s
c‘~i1 3. ? is?<:16§é1 i
OhX‘Ofl010g1j:§;1f;3Z_Q’jQf‘; UJ:S5 1.

his _1§v*e1~l§

*

;_

of

_1;*éT%i‘jii;h”&_:rje;€r¢1ing;.the

occ upat i éfa TZCDILC -= p ts "1-=

E ‘r"e;a‘§e*T€i. us; t hi‘? g eio Q

_

included
c.jhil Q

__ fj

'

3, A c?.'L'1ld'Fl\1Sfb€p0S'S'@’SS "the knowledg§j}_1:§_!§§fg?1*;§c:eto
thié7f€6"§*7zone;abstx';,c” t

conce ;t*be*f—ore# he
8.r‘\;'31‘1C2tiQlEOf;3iCQ!lCQfJLo

*

1

Consequent1;r,*__a* )_gr}¢_:gy1edge;of*§t

o¢¢v;>&ti<>nai* §'Q1§§§'F°7¢9<§¢i$* fine awe l¢»1>*m*efn_*-5”°I? KW-<>w

__,,__

Ocfiupét1-I1l'¥6l;$1~?~i_\1_§fb§L1‘QLLQ‘_-__

C.

————

F:-ow 0\J1‘;§<T~i‘iél$;l8*,_S!»I‘9_fi;_L1;-idlg:§§i$;Q!?\Qh§5i_5:Ql'F5t@‘?~‘1$’afl<3

upward mobi1ity_*_tl~3:;x‘_FWfr11_be certaiq effe_cts~ pn tm*1chi*3;dren<of
_t,}~_i5

Q1g_5'§;'___'jf}3e_§1;s5jn@gmD€;f5“i!Z\_ O_iR’_CY‘I8

y:’h’1T_Tc§

w

I

ptQ-I

\~..

I

~

,_

't’?fé?éfoi:'€*i;1%:—1i"*;i*~

occupations Effsles a nd ‘mar
*

inf1ue;nce*;+’T!1e;a1';s

8PY11Br:;*+i’*""""
the occupatizmakstatus systec1;“jpyqdgcipgmqre; am;
awarenes»
2.

f

r.

acute a‘.-:are.n5ss“

-

‘iwill resu1t~in a more

Closesnri
the o‘-;wject.

~-

personalw _

_

~

-12

%{E_ {1E:%:l

K-4.4 __1.,

W

H

I

’
’
’
con ta ct with speciicrbcéupational_nb1és)wil1_faeilitatdlthe;;
V

acquisition of k5&H1€dE§?E6fi5§?fiifiéiiEE§§”f6i€g’iflTOOHtEi5t_tO_fQ
occupations
E.

contact;

;

A

In pro¢ucinggmggggggggggggijggifiijiifi3§%EBfi€€bt
_

object.

a__

’*"W;;_

It‘fo1lows;thatIthegexpggggq;pQngQ;gpgt1ons through
—
7—"*""* 7
—.—
—

f

a -mass ~:'nedi.mniof?corun\m*i€a1'cion,

”1__

wi.l1;produce

—**T'

——

_

1‘¢1A‘bi\~*='=‘1+1 eteaterilftam111-§li§y?:ii!;l@§i€5i5

as OD365Ed<tO’Oth6fSfWhiQh_BI&4nQL vicariously aontacted.

;

t

.

Hue to culiuraliflhefiés"én6Ié6Eia11€€iibfiQém§h§§izing the m;1e4f;;;44;;;;;_;;1Q

F.

1

nec€s5ity5Q§?GhQOSifl§ Qccupationalfiralggg male bhi1dféh”wil14be________4;4444_
more a€areTofQflH€§€Iibléé§:QTh€Yéf6?€f"§5fi1fT€ibnce§in*th63kfi5i1§ffTiiTif?4?7T
edge of the,two;sexes;iill result because_o£_xhe;cult6fa17roles1Y7

5

assigned_t6_each;
G.

Intelligenceineing;a;£actor in the 1é??fiifig;pfEbess1of;childnén;‘the*
less-bright_hhi1dieEiii11ffi6£1déié15§ithé Ebncépts as ffill§:5Y:§§1iTIlll:§If;*}

‘
\

early =si

i\****

__:_

1l‘gence;of
t
th-PIDG
1
'

i" **
__

”

_

_

’

1"’

*”"

W W

’*

_

,7

‘

d

é~_,____
’;;;fl_
1

awn

W"

of knowlidggégjjgggupationglfrole§fand_9ccupaLi9nal
(A
‘

*:*:i:;;L%_',
;*;i-J
’
rating_of*the*chi1dren_s}intelliQQQgg<1§:;yailab1ej’i;é;}
LIQ-*
T
if ~

*

testa, therefore;it*i8”§6§§ib1é4Lo_use4and%iest2this;nypothesis5)"?i’*‘*m”’?11*

I-!e_t?1Qg

Stated in overview;—the study'wi11 involve a pretesting phase,

H‘

a later more elaborate phaS8,’3ndHQD&;QI”fiHQ minpr”qhases;:;To‘carryi; Y??ii;:;l;;_

out these studies, sanp1es’6f childrefi"fiill be selected, a test of

,’

_

{cw *7

~.

~

..=\_
_)

lq1o'al-Mge
tlge

oc-zupatiorial

samples

¢

______

77

background questi‘c>?inair1e’s); ani theparents

will be int»ervieue;i—£<>r¥ar§di§ioml—in:’ermationfwith__these;data;*
the

r1y"potI~.2ses —staHted* ear1i,é"!‘,*l\-1111’ be _i:,ested _v;U,h

+*-=;~:~>-»_~~- -~—»@~~»—~»

statistical_procedu1iesF;36mé1of,;this work h§sialiiea¢y—bem1 aLa1:te,d.

The procediu'es_ involve

H

X-rhiclpare diS‘Giisi§6d*

The

fozpstudy

simplified by some_work;wj::ichJ_hlas

@<1;"e;
thr0ug?1_eight
es_9_r_\

has been ohtained showing

-m~¢11¢a
_

15_; th
i

-

"T

"

-_7i~;1;1.f<~

f

'~‘

6

'

--

‘Y

"Ti

T‘us
-

x

.

district includes%’rj&é.tae;ue1ljfa’s* t6wfi""¢h11dren; _in*additi*6njfgj‘*?’
number of

”

2

fr€pT€s§€n€é<i J in this_ population.

*

*

T

l

fj

77

For eachfntthe ;»3§801‘@hi1drefi'0h this master 1i5‘Lj?_§__a‘b3§.{‘e*5’fff"1'_':;_f;_l
available as;tota.ge,* l<:_t\'_<:_o}fjgr§jdgf_(_a_1ji5if_Qilg;§_e ,* _sex) 5;§In_agiditi6nT'"‘T1"

W" "

*

each of theseiclfildcen_has;ucentLy"taken a groupjypeftfitellxgeh?:?*f’T*‘***i
¢

test and thesezscorzsiareiav-ai1§bf$S{iK€é’€h1s” Iist is:but;_a;few

months old;

I

F mjorifjiiiiiii

phases of thystudyi are_;1,:1-j_11”1;t._¢%:\___!:<é;i;;fiH;>;|r_evLe§,r,;iLt,_is, anticipated

some minor

’p1‘€£ééti?zg

indicates thatzthe list_cont.ains_u-tors, it will be~brough%.—uptn date,

I};Lf"_YY”§’
’

*

and additianalfiiifilfigence tests TrTII:E3§i?Lfi”rTfsTé’red*where
Discussion with,school_aut.hor1ties has indicated
be to-o extensi.ve*a problen;f
k

For thezpretestloriirst phasé of the st\i3,y,_épproximate1y_a____?m__1_
hundred chil<1.ren*w111*be selectad fl‘6'flL0l'feCOf the largerisohools’
\

the 1181;;

Thi.s:f1rst1}01":ase

the *

has .alf8'6dyrb’€é'fll’5t&i‘t£¢i¢ ~

\

1

*

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III,

I

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—_

J-,u||-‘Ir

,

;\'l/q

\.

IEI I

completion of this preliminaryiwhase;*;iuri_r|g whi_ch irlstvruments

and,

tw 0 to thr e e *hux

e

‘e*"
§§ud._o
e
;+LfLn.~.
H
, gn§_5a3<_>x;
’

_

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children wi.1.1_:>_e, u.nc1ert,ak¢n.

>

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_

*

~

~

_

_

___ ____;

-~

Each :l“;ild k"§.11i;Lf~£%iV8fl—}_ 'ne:Gc_cupa.tions“fe§t,

and,“

a Status Scorefwgth

two

age
the ifl.f')l'Y!;5\‘..LOI1,QflfSQ¢1fil’C13S'8fifit€11fgf§QCG7, %

,1

*

i

Z

etc ;,1~ which '.rill‘**i**

also be gathered*forTeach;§B§i§91§i§§§4§¥P9§§§§§5Q9“t1ine;*5aIli§I4¥¥¥¥~~;—~=*iju_
5
‘léfiédéi-ailéd’d6SCX‘ipt-100 of the present form
can be tested, Home
1

V

_

7

7

of the main measxuinginstrug‘-gpt Will*§§“he1pf\E§j;

SE

V""""7'T"'

W

;

I

V'V'"'*1

I

,7,

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The Q6¢“P&§1OD§}¥§§§*§§ff§flt1Yi¢6h$§§fi5_9f415!@¢*5¢i84Qf‘E5Yd§T::‘*::”“‘**"“”

Each of these;tl1te_e_1_s,ej-_s__h;=1s‘six céifis, uégqnfghiicflj; six
_

OCCU{)6\2iODSf3IQ1L'§pI_'§S§fl§8d;

ns Fe

the fo rm <~:L?:hETJ§j,;i9fdra_win-,3: I sqme thipg; }7il§é:

__*
which showsiaimnlclfifiéé__ ii'Fthe""g arb"t.y_nical‘

01'

f‘f‘“f‘f

5 particu3§ff6€6Upation

sham‘ on one card with

For

w_e_arfy_\gZ_

O‘76l‘3l1!,5bO0tSflI!§'_8’light orrhis h;atfi0thé‘r¥s

such as archj.&,e_c_t,_s, bookkeepers, barber-s; mirnistegsfetc.
three set,_::,o£,§éar§sfa

_

v

W

7f‘*”f"

ff

__Z_

If

totaliof?ighteen"occupatiqns1are1por$ray§§_,_ ________fih

All are m;1e*occup§__t._i@s, each portrayal is

smplflied, and the"san1e""\i1a*n" appears in each;

f

The three SCt8't9pIES§Q§_QQCUp§f,5:Qf\SjiH.-Q vihich
like 1," t-ch

td eigre u76f cont,ac_
Mve>mddflf EfeT1'
*

six. typiéal occupations vithuhich

.

"c ~,___f"i""f""_1”””";
.* set, in"1udes
Ore
*

?hg*jordin8ry*ch1ld has

ccmtacb (i,e;, physician;mirflétef;_'<.eacherfpostman,*

n

__j__

t_he;_Ql1iL1_1<i$.>

barber arxdi

__

**\

janitor).

\

V‘?

1

11 —A——— — * 1
*1 1,: ,>"*- : "
nnoflhetiééLifi51\;i3ei§Ii§i;~i§éjibécflfiations
with
7

ordinary childihas —

rimxfily thro ‘lg h
;_¢ont~act
iiiiijiipfiiriy

__

z

_

,

TV
I

Q_;__;__1_11;;l___'_,;;'_i____iI; _j;'__

(i.e., scientist; airline pilot,

hand),

The1»thir,d_s1et ot_ea‘r‘d§:§oT-t,f§y§;§‘”"”
pcupat_i§hjs with which the
_

_

ordinary chi1d;has_had very;lifi\i;gdj6%l%CQn!»a%L¢ither
OI‘

V108

chit-3 ct ,

contractor," bookeeper,

and miner).

build inf:

I

1

sets of ea l‘dS,COI‘POS§>9Rd;UJl£hI.6Q’:dQg1f§§§:?)1";flypééitbf contact; by*meansi;;1
'0

1
I

of whieh th6f'&'V&I‘&g’QKC’h1ld_COUld,8CQ1ljI_6_kI}OW1.€,dg6_3bO\1Y,;5\1Oh occ:¢pa-

__;;_<
1

---

-—

tional roles,

Z

ations_Test._is_that each set of

represents occupations at si:Ldi£f_e”iéfLL1€Tv’élsWof_ obcupati0na1_prestige.,

For exarnplerthe=ppy§i§ia,n1ggjyjanitoxt rep;-g§g._§_opposite

é

"

of a7;

7 reM"nina_—~————————— —~— —'
it
pmstibe <=qntiI:uwmf6f_1>;§f*86haL¢6h‘é¢fi;¢c<g4p§$§o9§a~»~The
1
,;;
7

...

"

'

'

’

four occupations;vit.hirLt_his;set"hévtbeén

*

*_”______1__1_
”

in t, erve n:L ng i ncreers£*.rg1*e'v*efl
1
T$;fQf_3*t§tu'§[f_A,SiflL'i.laI!i31tuati6fi"§féVéils

within each

of; cfaidé T;T)iU”§]”1§_i§§—fgenere'1”1 éVé 1s?’<1‘>1‘

oc cupe tic na~1 pr es ti gs ar e?i‘fe*pr e*s

tea ti;

These cards, or rather

*

a;-e

*

selected with

_

0fZ3fnTL'nb’e7i'Zbf;¢.r1"l‘.Q1313 . ,5? his t.,

*

Ah !~5 ix ~prest,ig§;-_”l
class

levels

by W. Lloyd

‘r!arner;_‘_?**itt§:L;ici:”T _es_g_j;j_j_jjj;j;;j_

he labelled}

15.1.1

occupational se~1.éc£16h§”2if,é;tT€fifiIt;iiii;aTEEEEject to

12‘.-Sarner a 34.

L10Yd 1 Meeker a*1Mau~<:hia 2 and Eels, Kenneth J _
Socia1_Classff_
A

_i:n_Lmerig5,;Ch.ica_gg,1é-cienoe -iesearch
_

_

_

*

_

“f
~

d

’

h1~"’7

..\_

iv
.
..1¢..j_1_,_z__1_,____._,_,

Upper-iup {re

1 lafs

Lowéréug-;_;er_

1

1

:1

”

'

lIt6I‘iafnEi>b*§i‘fOf_TéTiiid3te cccupg§_;9ggThgd__been selected

the list was reduc.e<1_by_____

represent. these_v=a;ii1uksoc1.a1f<;1ass_ lezels,
"fl: 1;

1,

K

reference to‘ the

________ _ ___

.’

W

__

adults .

W,

,7,

*'

device 1s~ based:uporx_a"fn;at 16r'§iicLeQ<;u11¥eyQand; zfepkér ts Jzhe relative
s>1‘@8t1z= iankina s_ass1'&;flé¢Lv>;a

_*',

_____Z1_,

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BIB£T6GRAPHIi?1Y*
Clark, x, 5., ana
Clark,>l;~P;;""Rggial Identificatian
in ifiegre Chilr'1r’en, "
éna Preférehée
gs;
edited
Newcombaan.1~.~{an_tle;zT'T{er{§§f§ol+gan<*1~L5.,—Ne1 81-Q3,
1:-lw
1%;-J10
York,

Dee"5, Maethel

,

**~
Q

T_f.fj_

and"?a fiéiiw

rsQn4§ipn31d_iEE§;*"Changes; in Socgal
25,__N_o,

19147,

L1,

Horowitz, ,E1J¢;er¢é%§’%7a\f1{i%HQiTQyTi'@,_Z,
Lwi}
—7- *7’, Jsluft,
'77“
Attitude§iin?Ehi1firen,”
‘r

Deve1op?=1ent"otiSocia1___~»;;;,
:—<—r
_

:

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épciometzgfli3Q;:}l§,HQ;nhary;%1938¢_””Tw~_~1%~———44**
.

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Mead, -3-. 51., ?4:?;1»:2!~—E§e1:‘!’
éF;1”5q:ieici, Urxj,ygx33_;jg_cy__oI__Chicago
Chicago,
19}IIT7 ""77
~
1

‘-

»

Pre*§s;—;—~—f;;,

-‘
Piaget,
J can, 1"hej cffii
~,
» +» =" ~ {
_l~:, ’_*
_s_u>-1ce3£Q3n3@
a
Wfi
!z_e_qor1_.,
H3I‘~.,O<-\I‘i, Brace
,__,-~__,_,;
*
C0,, New 1"<Tz'_‘x;1§§f?;f’
and__

-A

.

_ _:*+' ’ :' J '7"
Fadke, 31.; Tmger,;f.'i.*;”
of

_~»-_~

’an&”Davis,

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"social Perceptions; and
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QtOHdlGX‘, -.,.
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Warner, L, w ,; Heéker,—¥Ma?c‘.ia;
America I

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Kavemberg

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Kenneth,
I, Mass. J7 1357- — 7

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Es?@1§9m§nt{QE:£h¢—@°9929i:Q5
MI ’A Ffhbsis , Inc iiaha Univers

Qxfgdg _S_£_hfj¢§1:Ag5

1931

5ep£ember,;;____*fiw~_~—m

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Vinacke, C, L.,

_a_rd

of Concept

1dr en Q11 ‘rasstogq,
'_ of Il1ino1sff?°t*:駧;”
bn1vers1ty
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Urbana,

Weinstein, 5-,

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Atiff1gig;;1T?;;{_,;i:;;—1}i_
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140:???-3hO'f0ctoben,

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r:po,ssiQ1,§_:__Q~ T Iii :17‘???
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indusLnialiijiijii,j;jjjf;§”
importance in terms *;o1‘j15’_t7ér
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