Phenomenological Research and Analysis — Technical Volume (SAIC/DIA Anomalous Mental Phenomena)

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Phenomenological Research
and
Analysis
Technical Volume (U)

8 May 1992

Science Applications International Corporation
An Employee-Owned Company
Authors:

Edwin C. May, Ph.D. and Wanda L. W. Luke

Presented to:

U.S. Government
Contract MDA908—91—C—0037

Submitted by:

Science Applications International Corporation
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
1010 El Camino Real, Suite 330
Menlo Park, California 94025

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. OBJECTIVE (U) ..... ccc ccc cc cece enn e erent nee e erent eee eee beeen ees 1
IT. APPROACH (U) 2.0... ccc cece cece c eee eee eee eee eet ee eee eee nese eeeenes 2
6. Specific Tasks (U) .... ccc cece cee eee eee eee renee ene e teen e nee eens eee 2

7. Quick Reaction Capability (QRC) (U) ...... cece eee c ee eee teen neces 8

TIT. GLOSSARY (U) ... 0. cece ee een ee eee nee e ene n eee eeeees 9
IV. REFERENCES (U) ...... 0c cece cece cere eee een eee teen eee n ene en tenes 10
V. MOSSBAUER BACKGROUND (U) ...... ccc cece cece cece nee eee e nee eeeneee 11
VI. RESUMES (U) 2... cece cece cette e eee teen ence eee ne bene eee eenes 22

r

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|. OBJECTIVE (U)

—
———— _—

(U) The objective of this effort is to continue the work being conducted under contract
MDA908-91-C-0037 by extending the analysis of the data and adopting approaches that were devel-
oped to conduct specific experiments.

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ll. APPROACH (U)

(U) For convenience, the section numbering matches that of the Statement of Work (SOW) from re-
quest for quote RSQ—4.

6. Specific Tasks (U)

(U) The specific tasks are modest extension of those that are currently being investigated. In most
cases, they involve analysis of existing data or involve the implementation of experiments that were de-
signed under the current effort.

6.1 Basic Research (U)

(U) Basic research of anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) is defined as that activity that is primarily
designed to understand the parameters of and theoretical basis for AMP.
c

6.1.1 Biophysical Measurements (Follow-on to SOW 6.3.1") (U)
6.1.1.1 Magnetoencephalograph / Electroencephalograph Correlation (U)

(U) The trend in some magnetoencephalograph (MEG) laboratories has been to collect magnetic and elec-
trical data simultaneously. Thus, for some measurements, it may be possible to correlate the results from
the two techniques. We propose to conduct a literature search for such studies and conduct a meta-analysis
on the pertinent papers to determine the degree to which EEG may be substituted for MEG. In particular,
we will examine experiments that do not involve precise source localizations within the brain.

6.1.1.2, Magnetoencephalograph Data Analysis (U)

(U) The magnetoencephalograph database consists of 11 blocks of data obtained from an earlier pro-
gram and an additional 80 blocks obtained in the current program. Altogether there are brain-wave
data for over 9,000 remote stimuli (i.e., stimuli that are sensorially and physically isolated from a receiv-
er'), a similar amount for pseudo stimuli (i.e., randomly placed time markers generated during the ex-
periment), and additional 9,000 stimuli of each type that were collected as a control (i.e., identical cir-
cumstances as in the experiment, but without a receiver being present). We propose to apply the
following analysis techniques to this substantial database.

a. Efficient Phase-Shift Calculations (U)

(U) The primary purpose for the collection of magnetoencephalograph data is to determine the degree
to which remote stimuli affects the phase of the primary alpha rhythm. There is a vast literature dating
back to the 1930s suggesting that a relaxed brain, which is producing sustained alpha bursts, reacts to
weak external stimuli with a phase shift of that alpha activity.

* All follow-on SOWs refer to the current contract PR330/012Z/91.
T Please refer to the Glossary (Section III) for a definitions of terms.

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(U) To study alpha-phase shifts in an efficient way, it 'is important to present stimuli only when the sub-
ject is producing alpha; however, the effort under SOW 6.3.1 in PR 330/012Z/91 was an attempt to repli-
cate a similar experiment conducted in 1988. The protocol for data collection was constrained to match
that study, and therefore presented stimuli randomly.!" ,

(U) We propose to reevaluate the alpha-phase shifts for all the data collected under PR 330/012Z/91. In this
new analysis we will compute the phase shifts for only those stimuli that happen to occur within an appropri-
ate alpha burst. We will use pseudo stimuli that meet this constraint as within-run controls and generate
Monte-Carlo stimuli only within alpha bursts during which no other stimuli occurred. Standard statistical
methods will be used to compute effect sizes and evaluate the observed phase shifts.

b. Higher Order Spectral Processing (U)

(U) Fourier-based spectrum estimation techniques have proven valuable for the analysis of signals in
the frequency domain. These techniques use only second-order statistical information; thus, they as-
sume that the signals are Gaussian. In fact, most real-world signals are not Gaussian; hence, there is
usually much more information in a stochastic non-Gaussian or deterministic signal than is conveyed by
its autocorrelation or spectrum. Higher-order spectra are defined in terms of the higher order statistics
of the signal; therefore they can proved non-linear information.2> An additional benefit is realized
because all Gaussian noise vanishes, and thus any non-linear signals are more easily detected.

(U) One such higher-order technique is the bi-spectrum. Preliminary application of the bi-spectrum of
the MEG data has produced promising results. It appears that remote stimuli produce significantly
different bi-spectra than those observed in non-stimulus intervals.

c. Wavelet Analysis (U)

(U) Recent work has produced techniques for representing signals in terms of a set of orthogonal basis
functions with local support. While such a method was thought impossible for many years, recent re-
search has shown that an infinite number of such basis function sets exist.45 These basis functions con-
sist of dilations and translations of a “mother wavelet” function which is zero outside of some range.
Since they are an orthogonal and complete set, the wavelet transform is information preserving, that is,
the original signal can be reconstructed from the wavelet coefficients without error.

(U) The wavelet coefficients are generated by correlating these functions with the signal at every posi-
tion, with wavelets on every scale. In this way, features in the signal can be located in time with great
precision; hence, these methods could prove highly effective in clearly indicating the discontinuity
which is thought to occur at the time of the remote stimulus.

d. Time-Frequency Distributions (UV)

(U) Time-frequency distributions describe how the spectral content of a signal changes over time. They
consist of a set of methods which represent the energy or intensity of a signal simultaneously in time and
frequency. The spectrogram, which used windowed short-term Fourier transforms to produce a local
estimate of the spectrum, was an early method of this sort. It had a severe disadvantage: small windows
provided good time localization put poor frequency resolution; large windows produced the opposite
problem. The Wigner distribution was developed to alleviate this problem, but was found to introduce
serious artifacts with certain signals.

* References may be found in Section IV.

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(U) More recent methods showing better performance include the Wigner-Ville distribution® and the
Choi-Williams distribution.’ Both of these improve time and frequency resolution while suppressing
unwanted artifacts. Since these distributions are complex, their transfer functions provide both gain
and phase information.

e. Cyclostationarity (U)

(U) Most conventional signal processing methods treat random signals as if they were statistically sta-
tionary. If the parameters of the underlying signal-generating mechanisms are time varying, as they are
in brain-wave data, then this assumption is invalid and other techniques must be used to extract impor-
tant properties of the signal. For example, a signal whose autocorrelation function fluctuates periodi-
cally with time is said to exhibit second-order cyclostationarity. A number of signal processing methods
can extract information from such signals.$

(U) By constructing time intervals that are symmetric around the remote or pseudo stimulus, we can
produce pseudo periodic signals that are likely to exhibit properties that can be extracted by cyclosta-
tionary processing methods.

f. Conclusion (U)

(U) Since the underlying physical process which produces signals is poorly understood, it is impossible
to predict which of these signal analysis techniques will yield the best results. However, a systematic
program of applying these methods to the MEG data will greatly increase the probability that a genuine
physiological response can be detected and measured with much higher confidence levels.

6.2 Data Patterns/Correlations (Follow-on to SOW 6.3.2) (U)

(U) The search for patterns or correlations within anomalous cognition (AC) is part of basic research.

6.2.1 Sender/No-Sender Analysis (U)

a. Sender/No-Sender in the Ganzfeld (U)

(U) Under the current contract, we initiated two investigations of whether the quality of AC depends upon
a sender. We let a subcontract to Psychophysical Research Laboratories (PRL) to perform a meta-analysis
of the pertinent literature to determine the appropriate parameters for a Ganzfeld study of the sender
condition. The Ganzfeld is a protocol for conducting a type of AC experiment. PRL was also tasked to
design an appropriate experiment using the results from the meta-analysis. Unfortunately, the number of
previous Ganzfeld experiments was insufficient to determine heuristic parameters. Instead, PRL drew
from its 20 years of Ganzfeld experience and designed an appropriate experiment.

(U) We propose to continue this effort by tasking PRL to conduct approximately 70 Ganzfeld trials with
novice receivers (ie., first-timers) as screening/selection for the multi-condition sender-environment ex-
periment. One of the most important elements in any AC experiment is to identify individuals who can
demonstrate high quality results. This is particularly important if, as in this case, the primary experiment is
designed to examine the effect of an independent variable. Thus, this preliminary screening effort is critical
to understanding the role of the sender in AC experiments.

(U) Besides the usual judging and analysis implied by the Ganzfeld protocol, the data from the screen-
ing/selection experiment will also be examined with regard to six facets of extroversion. Honorton et al.
have shown that the degree of extroversion is important in quality AC, and, thus, this variable is impor-
tant to the success of the main experiment.?

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a, Sender/No-Sender with Static and Dynamic Targets (U)

(U) Using the AC database that was obtained under the existing contract, we will apply fuzzy set theory to
search for target/receiver properties that yield higher quality AC. Under an earlier program, we applied
fuzzy set theory to the analysis of AC. In particular, we developed fuzzy set representations of all the static
targets used in the current study. They were encoded with 131 separate visual target elements; therefore, to
capitalize on this earlier work, we will examine our AC result from this particular viewpoint.!

(U) Under the current program we have developed an “adaptive” fuzzy set algorithm that will be able to
determine which, if any, of these 131 target elements were responsible for receivers’ improved AC qual-
ity. In the adaptive method, fuzzy sets are modified in accedence with a receiver’s historical perfor-
mance, and the modified version is applied to new data. The historical record is then updated to ac-
count for the results of that additional analysis.

(U) We propose to apply these techniques to approximately 250 AC trials. This analysis will cover the
four combinations of sender/no-sender and static/dynamic targets that were used in the current study.

6.2.2 MEG/EEG Parameter Search (U)

(U) During a previous program, we tasked Psi Sources of Information Center to place the literature of all
English language parapsychological technical journals into a computerized database. From that time, Ms.
Rhea White has maintained that database, which now includes abstracts of all technical articles dating back
to the early 1900s. We propose to use this database to examine all relevant MEG/EEG data and worldwide
AC research to identify key performance and target pattern parameters (e.g., physical, psychological, bio-
physical). If enough studies identify a specific parameter, we propose to conduct a formal meta-analysis of
that parameter to determine its effect upon performance quantitatively.

6.3 Applied Research (Follow-on to SOW 6.2.3.3) (U)

(U) Applied research of AMP is defined as that activity that is primarily designed to improve the quality
of experimental results.

6.3.1 Long Distance AC Experiment (U)

(U) Under the current contract, we developed a two-by-five error-correcting block code, which we applied
to an AC experiment. The objective was to increase the reliability of detecting AC and to explore its poten-
tial for communications. In that effort, receivers were not monitored and target feedback was sometimes
significantly delayed. In addition, the receivers were allowed to respond to an intended target at any time
during a one-week interval.

(U) We propose to improve upon this protocol and apply the techniques to testbeds that are similar to
potential applications, Specifically, each AC trial will be monitored at a site designated by the contract-
ing office’s technical representative, and each AC trial will be conducted in real time. Feedback and a
portion of the analysis will be provided immediately.

(U) We plan to explore a number of analytical techniques to determine the optimal technique for po-
tential applications. They will include “crisp” answers (i.e., either “yes” or “no” to a predefined set of
questions) for the input to the two-by-five block code and “fuzzy” answers (i.e., receivers express the
degree of confidence in their answers to each question) to the same questionnaire. In the latter case, we
will use a rich set of standard fuzzy set mathematical techniques in the analysis.

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6.4 Theoretical Issues (Follow-on to SOW 6.2.5) (U)
(U) As part of basic research, theoretical issues address potential underlying mechanisms for AMP.

6.4.1 Nuclear Mossbauer Effect (VU)

(U) We propose to construct an anomalous perturbation (AP) experiment using the nuclear Mossbauer
effect. Sometimes referred to as gamma raw resonance spectroscopy, using the Mossbauer effect is an
extremely precise way of measuring the electromagnetic environment at the nuclear site within an
atomic lattice and measuring the structure of the nucleus, itself. The nuclear environment is impervious
to external factors. Experiments that use the Mossbauer effect are also exquisitely sensitive. Because it
is inherently controlled, a Mossbauer set-up is ideal for the study of AP. An overview of the Mossbauer
effect can be found in Section V, Mossbauer Background.

(U) In a Mossbauer AP experiment, an individual watches a dynamic display of gamma ray absorption
as feedback. He or she is instructed to use mental strategies to affect the absorption, and thus the nu-
clear properties, in predetermined ways. For example, the instructions might suggest to increase or de-
crease or shift the location of the maximum absorption. Random control periods (i.e., no human effort
to modify the absorption) are intermixed with effort periods. Statistical comparison is made between
these periods and both are compared to long-term, stable measurements of the unattended apparatus.

(U) To our knowledge, no other AP experiment has exclusively attempted to modify nuclear properties;
therefore, this exploratory experiment must be considered a pilot effort. Should we observe potential
AP effects, we will recommend an extension to verify that the effects cannot be accounted for by known
interactions. —

6.4.2 Theoretical Models (U)

(U) We propose to explore at least two theoretical approaches toward understanding the physics of AC.

The heuristic observables are the following:

(1) Information, albeit noisy, “propagates” from point A to point B regardless of the spatial or tempo-
ral separation.

(2) The quality of the reception appears to be proportional to target complexity.

(U) The first of these suggests that a four-dimensional, non-electromagnetic model is appropriate. The
second implies a relationship to thermodynamic entropy, but at the present, there is no known propaga-
tion mechanism for “pure” information.

(U) All theoretical approaches to these two questions will be constrained toward testable hypotheses.
We suspect that if a reasonable theoretical model can be developed, that it will entail physics implica-
tions that can be tested by traditional experimentation.

6.5 Research Methodology (Follow-on to SOW 6.4) (U)

6.5.1 Committees (U)

(U) As a continuation of the current program, we propose to the use the three existing committees,
which are in place, as support and quality control for methodological and policy issues. These commit-
tees are:

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_ (U) The Scientific Oversight Committee (SOC). The five voting members of the SOC are respected

scientists from the following disciplines: physics, astronomy, statistics, neuroscience, and psychology.
Since the time of the original proposal, we have added Professor of Neuroscience Steven A. Hillyard of
the University of California at San Diego. His resume is include in Section IV.

(U) The SOC is tasked with three major responsibilities:

© Review and approve all experimental protocols prior the collection of data.

© Critically review all experimental final reports as if they were submissions to technical scientific jour-
nals. All remarks are in writing and are included in the technical final report to the sponsor.

© Suggest directions for further research.

(U) In addition to these three responsibilities, the SOC members are encouraged to exercise un-announced
drop-in privileges to view experiments in progress.

(U) Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB’s responsibility is to assure the safety of human sub-
jects in experiments and to assure the sponsor that all research involving the use of human subjects is in

compliance with all appropriate federal regulations. The IRB members represent the health, legal, and
spiritual professions in accordance with government guidelines. The membership is as follows:

@ Gary R. Fujimoto, M.D. Occupational Medicine, Palo Alto Medical Foundation

@ Byron Wm. Brown, Jr., Ph.D. Biostatistics, Stanford University

@ John Hanley, M.D. Neuropsychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles

© Robert B. Livingston, M.D. Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego

@ Robin P. Michelson, M.D. Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco

@ Ronald Y. Nakasone, Ph.D. Buddhist Studies, Institute of Buddhist Studies, Berkeley, CA
© Louis J. West, M.D. Neuropsychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles

@ Garrison Rapmund, M.D. Air Force Science Advisory Board

S/NF) Policy Oversight Committee (POC). The POC’s responsibility is to advise SAIC and assure the
Defence Intelligence Agency that the activity under this contract fulfills the requirements of the
Intelligence Community (IC) and the Department of Defence (DOD). In addition, the POC recom-
mends policy for the establishment of a long-term program for the application of anomalous mental
phenomena to problems of interest to the DOD and the IC.

6.5.2 Management and Research Support (U)
(U) We will provide technical, management, and administrative support for all research activity.

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7. Quick Reaction Capability (QRC) (U)
(S/NF) We propose to reserve approximately five percent of the program effort in order to respond rap-
idly to the sponsor’s request for briefings, conference attendence, or unanticipated experiment or ap-

plication requirements.

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Ill. GLOSSARY (U)

(U) Notaill the terms defined below are germane to this report, but they are included here for complete-
ness. In a typical anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) task, we define:
® AC—A form of information transfer in which all known sensorial stimuli are absent. That is, some

individuals are able to gain access, by as yet an unknown process, to information that is not available
to the known sensorial channels.

®@ Receiver—An individual who attempts to perceive and report information about a target.
® Agent—An individual who attempts to influence a target system.
® Target—An item that is the focus of an AMP task (e.g., person, place, thing, event).

o ignation—A method by which a specific target, against the backdrop of all other possible
targets, is identified to the receiver (e.g., geographical coordinates).

© Sender/Beacon—An individual who, while receiving direct sensorial stimuli from an intended target,
acts as a putative transmitter to the receiver.

® Monitor—An individual who monitors an AC session to facilitate data collection.

© Session—A time period during which AC data are collected.

® Protocol—A template for conducting a structured data collection session.

® Response—Material that is produced during an AC session in response to the intended target.

 Feedback—After a response has been secured, information about the intended target is displayed to
the receiver.

® Analyst—An individual who provides a quantitative measure of AC.

© Speciality—A given receiver’s ability to be particularly successful with a given class of targets (e.g.,
people as opposed to buildings).

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IV. REFERENCES (U)

(U) All the following references are unclassified.

1.

10.

E. C. May and W. L. W. Luke, “Technical Protocol for the MEG Investigation,” Protocol Submitted to
the Scientific Oversight Committee, Science Applications International Corporation, The Cognitive
Sciences Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA (August 1991) UNCLASSIFIED.

J. M. Mendel, “Signal Processing and System Theory: Theoretical Results and Some Aplications,”
Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 278-305 (March 1991) UNCLASSIFIED.

C. L. Nikias and M. R. Raghuveer, “Bispectrum Estimation: A Digital Signal Processing
Framework,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 75, No. 7, pp. 869-891 (July 1987) UNCLASSIFIED.

I. Daubenchies, “Orthonormal Basis of Compactly Supported Wavelets,” Communications on
Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. XLI, pp. 909-996 (1988) UNCLASSIFIED.

E. C. Heil and D. Walnut, “Continuous and Discrete Wavelet Transforms,” SIAM Review, Vol 31,
No. 4, pp. 628-666 (December 1989) UNCLASSIFIED.

L. Cohen, “Time-Frequency Distributions—A Review,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 77, No. 7,
(July 1989) UNCLASSIFIED.

H. I. Choi and W. J. Williams, “Improved Time-Frequency Representation of Multicomponent
Signals Using Exponential Kernals,” [EEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal
Processing, Vol 37, No. 6, pp. 862-871 (June 1989) UNCLASSIFIED.

W. A. Gardner “Exploitation of Spectral Redundancyh in Cyclostationary Signals,” IEEE Signal
Processing Magazine, (April 1991) UNCLASSIFIED.

C. Honorton, D. C. Ferrari, and D. J. Bem, “Extraversion and ESP Performance: Meta-Analysis
and a New Confirmation,” Proceedings of the Parapsychological Association 33rd Annual
Convention, Chevy Chase, MD (August 1990) UNCLASSIFIED.

E. C. May, J. M. Utts, W. L. W. Luke, T. J. Frivold, and V. V. Trask, “Advances in Remote-Viewing
Analysis,” Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 54, pp. 194-228 (September 1990) UNCLASSIFIED.

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V. MOSSBAUER BACKGROUND (U)

(U) This Section is entirely unclassified.

Gamma Ray and Gamma Ray Resonance Spectroscopy

by

Jon J. Spijkerman
Frank J. Davies
Kah Nee Ona
Tamara L. Steele

May 17, 1991

Ranger Scientific, Inc.
7101 Stephenson-Levey Road
Burleson, TX 76028

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INTRODUCTION

Resonance phenomena are today a very direct
part of our lives. They are used in radio, tuning
in a station or selecting a TV channel, in
microwave cooking and heating, store security
and many other daily uses. It was Lord Rayleigh
who, a century ago, first suggested that
resonance scattering should occur in atomic
systems,

Gamma ray Resonance Spectroscopy (GRS),
also known as The Mossbauer Effect, was
discovered by Rudolf L. Mossbauer in 1957, at
the time a graduate student at the University of
Heidelberg in Germany. Mossbauer was
interested in the line shape (profile) of gamma
radiation. It was a known fact that gamma rays,
photon ‘particles', would give a recoil to the
nucleus which emitted the gamma ray. The
gamma ray would therefore have a lower energy.
Similarly, if the gamma ray were to strike another
nucleus its energy must be higher, in order to be
absorbed and also to provide the absorber recoil
energy. This energy can be provided by heating
the gamma ray source, since this raises the
average velocity of the ators in the source and
therefore the energy. Both positive and negative
velocities will be present and thus the line shape
of the gamma ray will be broadened. This line
broadening is known as a Doppler broadening.
The energy lost to recoil could now be
compensated for by raising the temperature.
Mossbauer's initial experiment was very
straightforward, consisting of a gamma ray
source, an absorber, and a counter to detect the
gamma fadiation. As the temperature of the
source and absorber was raised, the count rate
of unabsorbed gamma rays went down since the
increase in thermal energy compensated for the
energy lost in recoil. This is shown in figure 1.
To obtain a reference count rate, Mossbauer
cooled the source and absorber to liquid nitrogen
temperature. There the count rate should have
been the highest, but to his amazement, it was
not. Mossbauer interpreted this effect as a
recoil-free emission and absorption at lower
temperatures. This obviously violates the
principles of conservation of energy and
momentum and was, at first, not well accepted.
Mossbauer continued his work at the University

of Munich, Germany, and his experiments were
soon confirmed at other laboratories. R. L.
Mossbauer was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1961. Within a decade (GRS) became
@ Standard tool, with applications in Physics,
Chemistry, Metallurgy, Mineralogy, Geology, and

Biology.

X

|
DECREASING as |
TEMPERATURE ‘

Ne

Oe
eee

Figure 1. Increased overlap of source and absorber line
profiles, moved apart as a result of recoil, due to Doppler
broadening with temperature.

a. Racoil Ly eid

Recoil
—

tk ae AY, >
Fe a iy et BLES

=

AN SS

wig)

d. Doppler Broadening vet

Figure 2. Classical analogy of a boat firing a cannon in a
choppy lake, then “freezing the lake."

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Tne Mossbauer Effect is a quantum
phenomenon. However, some of its basic
characteristics may be easily understood through
a classical analogy. The analogy developed by
Frauenfelder in Ref. 1 is particularly apt. He
likens the gamma ray source to a cannon firing at
a target. The statistical spread of the impacts is
the natural line width. If the cannon is firing trom
a boat, it will recoil so that the center of the
impact distribution is shifted to a shorter range
(lower value of energy for the gamma ray), as in
Fig. 2a.

Doppler broadening can be represented by
placing the boat in a choppy sea. Since the aim
is much less accurate, the distribution of impacts
is broadened (Fig. 2b.). The Mossbauer Effect is
made possible by “freezing the lake," so that
recoil and Doppler broadening are eliminated
(Fig. 2c). In the actual source and absorber, this
is done by locking the atoms in a crystal lattice.
ret
To observe the Resonance Effect, we must
change the energy of the gamma ray by a small
amount. We can use the Doppler shift to our
advantage. Instead of Doppler broadening, we
can use a coherent Doppler shift, or Doppler
modulation, by giving the entire source a known
velocity. The fine width of the source and the line
width of the absorber overlap by a differenct
amount for each velocity.

If total transmission is plotted against velocity, the

absorption curve will be observed to have a line
width twice that of either source or absorber.

(See Fig. 3).

Emission Line Absorption Line

“

Velocity

Transmission Spectrum

Figure 3. Doubling of observed linewidth

THEORY

As was pointed out in the introduetion, eliminating
the recoil given to the nucleus by the emitted
gamma ray Is the first prerequisite for the
Mossbauer Effect. If the nucleus is initially at
rest, its momentum after emission is

Pn=-Py* y/ce

The recoil energy imparted to the nucieus by the
leaving gamma ray is then
2
Eq=p,/2M= Ey (7
men 2Mc?
Here M is the mass of the nucleus. For a
gamma ray of 14.4 keV, this recoil energy is 2 X
10° eV. To explain the Resonance Effect, we
must not use the mass of the nucleus in equation
1, but the mass of the crystal to which the
nucleus is bound. This recoil free process is also
demonstrated in X-rays by the Bragg reflection
trom a crystal. The recoil energy then becomes
vanishingly small. The binding energy plays a
very important role in the Mossbauer Effect. If
the recoil energy E, is larger than the binding
energy, the recoil-free process will not take place.
Thermal vibrations due to higher temperature can
also destroy the recoil-free emission and
absorption. Equation (1) therefore places limits
on when the Mossbauer effect will take place.
We must have a solid or very large molecule so
that E, becomes vanishingly small, and the
gamma ray energy must be low so that E, is
LESS THAN THE BINDING ENERGY OF THE
NUCLEUS. Many isotopes have shown the
Mossbauer Effect, but Fe*” has the best
properties for our purpose. The source used for
Fe” Resonance spectroscopy is Co’, with the
radio-active decay scheme and the
corresponding radiation emitted by this source is
shown in figure 3. Cobalt has a positive nuclear
charge of 27. The nucleus captures an electron,
to reduce the charge to 26, and balances the
energy by emitting three gamma rays, 14.4 keV,
122 keV, and 136 keV. The electron capture
leaves a hole in the elctron shell, which is
promptly filled producing 6.3 keV and lower
energy X-rays. The 14.4 keV gamma ray shown
in the energy level diagram of figure 4 is used in

Approved For Release AGN Bs S ETE 96 00789R003100170001-9 13

Technical Byoyuosedd For Release IMNIIHAS SIRIRDP96-00789R003100170001-9

57h

5/2 0.7064

5"Co (radioactive, t,.= 270 days)

- 188

ELECTRON

CAPTURE

988

W Mb Kev yoroy

90 72 Rev mternat
Corwersion Elecvone

$3 5.8 Kev Auger Electrons

7 63 Kev Koray

3/2 0.3668
-8
5/2_t (1/2) = 107 sec 0.13632
lis B98
3/2_% (1/2) = 98 n sec y 9.01439
¥
oe 808
INTERNAL 10% GRS
CONVERSION
1/2 v

Decay events following the excitation af the *Fe aucteus, indicating the relative

fumbers af phoions and elecirens produced

Cobalt-57 Decay Scheme

the Mossbauer Effect. The 122 keV transition

does not go to the ground state, and the 136 keV

gamma fay is too energetic for a usable effect.

The line shape of the recoil free 14.4 keV
radiation is a Lorentzian profile, or

L(x) = ; x

1+x? Pr

Where Eo is the gamma ray energy and r is
the halfwidth. The halfwidth or line width can be
calculated from the uncertainty principle, and the
lifetime of the excited state, The uncertainty
principle states that

A E-E, [2]

AE® Ar=h [3]

Where ‘ is Planck's constant divided by 2 .
The lifetime of the 14.4 keV level can be
determined by measuring the 1.4 X 107 second
delay between the 122 keV and 14.4 keV
radiation, because the lifetime of the 122 keV
level is 50 times shorter than that of the 14.4 keV
level. This corresponds to a line width of 4.670
X 10° eV. The resolution required to observe
this line is E/r or about 10°.

To distinguish this narrow band of recoil free
radiation from non-recoil free radiation using a
gamma detector is hopeless, since the detectors
have at the best a 10% resolution. Gamma ray

Approved For Releas¢ AQG@IOA SS IF AERPP96-00789R003100170001-9 14

Technical Pappesakd For Release SDO@ DANG S HA EDP 96-00789R003100170001-9

spectrometers using a diffracting crystal can do a
thousand times better, but this still leaves a factor
of 10°, However, we can use the source and
absorber technique with the Doppler effect. This
time we do not raise the temperature, but move
either the source or the absorber at various
velocities. The Doppler effect is given by

= Vv
Vevo(1+—) [4]
Where vy, Is the transition frequency of the
stationary absorber and v the frequency of the

source moving at a velocity v.

Re-writing equation 4,

Vv Vv
V=EVEOtV,— and Ay=v-v=v,—
oTros eo *oG
or Av fAE_V [5]
Yo Ey ¢

Since E = hv. E, is the basic transition energy,
14.4 keV. If we use the values for ‘Fe, the
velocity required to shift the line by one line width
is 0.19 mrvsec. Plotting the count rate as a
function of velocity gives the familiar absorption
pattern, as shown in figure 5.

The recoil-free emission and absorption was not
the only surprise of this new effect. When an iron
foil was used for an absorber, a six line
absorption pattern as in figure 6 was observed
and identified as a nuclear Zeeman effect
brought about by the iron’s internal magnetic
field.

Iron compounds used for absorbers gave a
variety of spectra, and the simple energy level
diagram of figure 4 could no longer explain the
observed results. There were other interactions
(forces) present, previously completely obscured.
With the ultra precise energy measuring capability
of the Mossbauer Effect it was possible to
determine the energy and derive the nature of
these interactions. For this analysis we must first
look at the nucleus and its electron cloud. There
are three electron-nuclear (hyperfine) interactions:

Zz (Nucleus)

re Thy
|
7

R
Ey™ 14. 4xev

vy v

-
ae le

f
e ft / Tsomer Shift Quadrupole Splitting

6 €<06 é<0
Q

Figure 5. Electric Quadrupole Splitting

(a) Electric Monopole (EO) which results in the
isomer shift (Fig. 5) and originates in the
Coulomb potential between the nucleus and the
surrounding electron cloud. Since the chemical
valence is determined partially by the number of
electrons associated with the iron, there is a
strong relation between the isomer shift and
valence state. See Experiment 1.

T(2ucleus} /
1,7
ey J a
; N
\
YY

rE 1b.d Kev
v, Yo Ya Ve Ve Y,
2 u *5s Ys
rfe
¢

/
1-
2 Tsower Shift

_ teenaa Splitting

Figure 6. Magnetic splitting of nuclear levels,
(Nuclear Zeeman Effect).

Approved For Release) BICV0%S SJ BE BDP96-00789R003100170001-9 415

ee

‘
NIE

+
tolH

Technical Fygpeseed For Release Wd S2d4AS Sd EDp96-00789R003100170001-9

(b) Electric Quadrupole (E2).which generates the
quadrupole Splitting observed in iron spectra as a
typical doublet ling-fattern (Fig. 5). The
asymmetry in the electron cloud forces the
nucleus to align itself either with or across the
electric field gradient, allowing two possible
energy states. See Experiment 3.

(c) Magnetic dipole (M1) with the typical six line
pattern of the nuclear Zeeman effect. For Fe”
the nuclear spin is 3/2 with the four possible
energy states of ttt, tts, Tas and 414 spin
States of the excited state and t or 4 for the
ground state, resulting in a possible six
transitions. (Fig. 6) The magnitude of the
magnetic field at the nucleus determines the
separation of the six line pattern. For iron metal
this corresponds to a magnetic field at the
nucleus of 331.5 kGauss. See Experiment 4.

INSTRUMENTATION

The GR spectrometer is a computer based
instrument. The computer collects the data,
processes the data for storage on a diskette and
display on the video screen. The data is
analyzed by the computer using a least square
fitting routine.

To understand the operation of the spectrometer, ©

we will follow the gamma ray from its detection to
the display of its presence on the monitor. When
the y ray enters the detector, the Krypton gas is
ionized into electrons and positive ions, the
number of ion pairs depends on the gamma ray.
energy. The electrons move toward the positively
charged wire in the center of the detector, and
after gaining energy they ionize more atoms, and
the cascade process produces a pulse of
electrical charge at the wire, which is converted
to a voltage pulse by a charge sensitive amplifier.

In this way electronic pulses whose voltages are
proportional to gamma ray energy are produced.
Gamma rays of a certain energy are detected,
and those of higher and lower energy ignored, by
comparing the voltage pulses to an upper
voltage level and lower voltage level in a circuit
known as a discriminator. Those pulses that
cross the lower level (LLD) but not the upper

level (ULD) are registered.

In order to measure the gama ray energy
spectrum, the discriminator window defined by
LLD and ULD is swept over a range, in a
process known as pulse height analysis (PHA).
In practice, the window is repetitively incremented
through 1024 positions. Each of these 1024
positions has a counter, known as a channel,
which counts the gamma rays that pass the
discriminator while the window is in that position.
Thus, as the discriminator window is swept over
a range of energies, an energy spectrum is
accumulated. It is transferred to the computer,
where it is stored and displayed graphically. The
energy calibration of the spectrometer is then
achieved trom the channel! peak positions of
known energies.

To measure the gamma ray resonance spectrum,
we need to obtain count rate as a function of
doppler velocity. In order to improve signal to
noise ratio in the spectrum, the discriminator is
no longer swept, but set to recognize only the
14.4 KeV gamma rays. The velocity is cyclically
swept, and each of the 1024 channels counts
those gamma rays emitted at a certain velocity.
Over time a spectrum is accumulated, as the
Statistical fluctuations due to the random nature
of radioactive decay average out, and the count
fates corresponding to different velocities
become more accurate.

SERVO-AMP

LOGIC INTERFACE B MENORY
mL

286 COMPUTER

Figure 7. Biock diagram of spectrometer

Approved For Release QQ 0A/S8S IG RERPP96-00789R003100170001-9 41¢

Technical Pxppesebd For ReleaseUN@bskS Sti BDP96-00789R003100170001-9

A block diagram of the spectrometer is shown in
figure 7. The data from the memory in the
MS-1500 is transferred to the computer via DMA
(direct memory access). The interface control
translates the computer key board functions to
adjust the High Voltage power supply (HVPS), the
gain of the proportional counter pulse amplifier,
the upper and lower discriminator, the Doppler
velocity amplitude, and the selection of GRS or
GS and PHA or PHS. The interface control also
has additional ports for temperature control and
frequency generator for the advanced
experiments.

Experimental Techniques

The absorbers supplied with the spectrometer
are encapsulated in plastic.

Optimum thickness is a function of three factors:
the atomic absorption, the number of Mossbauer
nuclei per unit area, and the production of
scattered radiation bythe absorber. The
attenuation of the absorber can be expressed as

T/Toze(H/P) (PX) [6]

where y/p is the mass absorption coefficient in
cm*/g, and px is the absorber thickness in g/cm’.
The attenuation coefficient for 14.4 KeV gamma
rays is given in Fig. 8.

T qT T ao} T T T T T T T T T T

1eo

140

ee ee ee ee ee
= ir

ATTENUATION Cogrricient tee? 7)
~ -
- na . e 7
° o e 2 o

ws
°

[a | 1 1 1 L 4 1 [ae | 1

TOIT Tt
\s

310 20 30 49 38 60 70
8

Figure 8. Attenuation coefficient for 14.4keV gamma
tadiation as a function of element.

Generally, 30% transmission should be used for
an initial trial, as judged from the pulse height
spectrum. This should also give a good measure
of the Compton scattering which is hard to
calculate for different absorbers. The 14.4 KeV
peak should be at least 20% above the
background, in the pulse height spectrum. Too
thick an absorber will cause line broadening, as
shown in Experiment 1 (Ref. 2, pp. 32-33).

Position of the absorber is not critical, although if
the Comption scattering is large, the absorber
should be placed closer to the source to
minimize inverse-square-law distortions.

Many materials are suitable for mounting
absorbers, Plexiglass and polyethylene are most
suitable, if their iron content is low. Clear plastic
tape is convenient for quickly mounting a powder
sample - simply sprinkle the powder onto the
sticky surface. Samples in solution may be
allowed to dry on filter paper. Samples may be
mixed with epoxy and cast between two glass
plates which have been previously coated with
silicon release compound. In all cases, a mount
without the sample should also be prepared, to
measure its attenuation.

Foils, thin films, and paper samples may be

mounted in standard 2 X 2 inch cardboard slide
mounts for convenience in handling.

EXPERIMENTS

1. Uncertainty Principle Measurement of

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle states that any
measurement to determine the energy of system
requires at least a time

AE* tT=h [7]

or the finite life time of the excited state means a
given line width I" of the emitted radiation, or
TIr=h [ 8 ]

The lifetime of the excited state has been
measured at 98 nsec. We now can calculate

Approved For Releas@JN GLASS] FHEBDP96-00789R003100170001-9 17

Technical Appoweed For Release @QU@448 STRHRDP96-00789R003100170001-9

from a careful measurement of the line width I°

of the resonant line, and make corrections for
the experimental conditions;

a. Line Broadening

Increasing the thickness of the iron absorber not
only reduces the intensity of transmitted gamma

rays by fal e-«!

but broadens the transmitted linewidth. It can be
shown that the effective thickness of the absorber
becomes:

Taf aot,

[9]

where {, = fraction of recoil free y rays in
absorber

n = number of atoms per unit area (cm’)
in the path

o, = absorption cross section (15 x 10”
cm? for iron)

a = natural abundance (.0217 for iron)
t = thickness (cm)
The fraction of effect then becomes:

cna, [1-27] [ 10]

where N= transmission intensity off resonance

N, = transmission intensity for absorption

B = non-Mossbauer transmission
intensity (background)

{, = fraction of recoil free y rays from
source

Background in this case should be meaured with
the source and all absorbers in place as when
taking the spectrum, but with the aperture in the
Proportional Counter tube’s lead shield covered
with a piece of 1/8 inch aluminum or 1/4 inch
plexiglass.

The amount of line broadening is then given by

T=(2 + 0.277 ) Vise [11]

To obtain I’ natural, plot the line width of the 4
single line absorbers against the T of these
absorbers contaiging various concentrations of
iron. Use f, = .9 for the source and f, = 0.6 for
the absorber.

b. The Cosine Effect

Since the Doppler shift is defined by

Vic
v=v, 1+ '
fond
. [12]
AE_Y cose
E ¢

Calculate the maximum error in the line width
measurement from the geometry of one
experiment.

2. Debve Temperature

The Mossbauer Effect maf be explained by
means of the uncertainty principle. The wave
function of an atom in a crystal is limited to a
region of space AX. It has an uncertainty in
momentum of WAX. If WAX of the atom is
larger than the momentum »K of the y-ray, there
is a possibility of absorbing the recoil without
changing the state of the atom. The condition for
a large fraction of recoilless emission is x A X <
1. The probability of finding the lattice in the
same state after emission is

I<Gler- 7 | IG >| 2 [13]

where G> is the wave function of the lattice, x
the wave vector of the gamma-ray and & the
position of the emitting atom. {f the initial states
are occupied with probability, gG in thermal
equilibrium, then the fraction of recoilless
emission is

) = 29, |<G| ern|-2 Sa >|? (14)

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Technical EyppPsabd For Release WN SM4NS SEE. BDP96-00789R003100170001-9

For a harmonic solid the probability of recoilless
emission of absorption is given by exp [ - x2< x7
> T], where x is the wave vector of the
gamma-ray, and < x? > Tis the mean square
displacement < > T denoting thermal average.
It the Debye model is used to describe the solid,
then

6,/ T
che [15]

E 2

<x >7 2 37 ved 2 f
¥68) o}) er a 4
where 6, is called the Debye temperature. Thus,
if the nuclear transition is of low energy and if the
Debye temperature of the crystal is high, then the
probability for recoilless emission or absorption is
high.

The recoil free fraction,

feo <¥>IM ang , (oF
- E 327? [16]

fue x8, 2 ©5 =

oan

Calculate the Debye temperature for the absorber
used in experiment 1.

3. Electric Quadrupole Solitting

The absorber furnished for this experiment gives
a well resolved doublet. Measure the quadrupole
Splitting, isomer shift and line width.

4. MAGNETIC DIPOLE SPLITTING: NUCLEAR
ZEEMAN EFFECT IN IRON

Fe® foil, because of its high intrinsic magnetic
field, is the most convenient sample for observing
the Nuclear Zeeman Effect. Run a Mossbauer
Spectrum with sufficient velocities (+ 8 mm/sec)
to observe all six absorption lines. (See Fig. 6)

The ground state in Fe® foil, with total spin |, =
1/2, is split into two levels of m, = + 1/2 by the
magnetic field H. The excited state, with I, = ¥2,
is split into four levels of m, = + 1/2, + 3/2. The
displacement of each sublevel is given by

AE = - yHm\, where » = nuclear magnetic
moment, and H = internal magnetic field at the

The transitions between these levels are then
given by

a] Bees See ke bee eee ee

i, 5

with the limitation of the selection rule that Am =
0, +1. E’, takes into account the isomer shift,

Since the six line spectrum does not center on

Zero velocity. The nuclear magnetic moments of
the ground state and excited state are Hy and p,,
respectively,

Of the four variables y,, u,, H, and the velocity
calibration of the apparatus, two can be
determined if the other two are known. In
particular, if 4. and velocity calibration are
known, H and yz, can be calculated. H is given
by the equation above. yu, is calculated from the
sublevel displacement,

AEE, - =-pHmil.

Taking AV,= V, - V, as the difference in velocity
between the last two absorption lines and
substituting | = 3/2, and m = 3/2, 1/2, we find
E, AY, =2/3u,H For the lower level,
Cc
Av.= V,-V, both originating from the m = +1/2
upper level). Then AV.
2
Eon 2u,H. [ 18]

Eliminating E,, H, and c between the two
equations, then Av
'

ay,’
u, has been measured to be 0.0903 + .0007
nuclear magnetons.

H,=3y, { 19]

Velocity calibration of the apparatus may be
achieved by measuring the separation of the
outermost two lines. The intrinsic magnetic field
of Fe® at the nucleus is 331.5 Kilogauss.

From the Zeeman splitting, calculated the
following:

a. magnetic moment of the excited state
b. calibration of the spectrometer

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Technical Pkppesaed For ReleaseldW@b4NS Sti Dp 96-00789R003100170001-9

c. line width and amplitude of the resonant lines

5. Antiferromagnetism

Test the sample provided with a bar magnet, and
notice that the material is not magnetic. Set the
velocity range to + 8 mmysec, and take a
spectrum.

a. Explain the presence of a magnetic dipole
spectrum

b, Measure the magnetic field, quadrupole
splitting and isomer shift.

6. The Iron Phosphide Paradox

Again, test the sample provided with a bar
magnet, and use a velocity range of + 8
mm/sec.

a. explain the spectrum
b. analyze the data
c. What could be done to change the spectrum?

7. Polarization of y-rays

The Mossbauer spectrum of iron, seen in
experiment 4, changes when the iron sample is
magnetized- - that is, when ail the magnetic
moments are polarized in one direction. The two
samples provided are magnetically polarized
parallel and perpendicular to the beam. From
the theory given in experiment 4,

a. Calculate the line intensities for a parallel and
perpendicular magnetic field.

b. Add the intensities of a, and give the resulting
spectrum.

8. Oxidation States

The classical question of the iron’s valence state
in Fe,O, is given a decisive answer by GRS. the
observed absorption curve shows two
superimposed iron spectra, one with an isomer
shift corresponding to a valence of +2, the other
corresponding to a valence of +3. The Fe?
spectrum has twice the magnitude of the other,
thus showing that two of the iron atoms have
valences of +3, and one has a valence of +2.
Record the spectrum, and analyze the data,

using Mosstfit, for

a. Magnetic, quadrupole and isomer shit for
each valence state.

b. Assign these parameters to the Fe*? and Fe*?
sites.

you have a problem with the interpretation or

- assigning the resonance lines, use the NiFe,O,

absorber, the resonance lines, use here the Fe*?
lines are missing.

References

1. L May, ed., An Introduction to Mossbauer
Spectroscopy, New York, 1971 (An excellent
general reference)

2. H. Frauenfelder, The Mossbauer Effect, New
York, 1962 (Contains reprints of many of the
classical papers on the subject).

3. L. May and J. J. Spijkerman, "Mossbauer
Spectroscopy," Chemistry, 40 (14 - 17), 1967.

REFERENCES: Experiments

A. J. Bearden and P. L Mattern, Am J. Phys. 3,
109-19(1964), *Mossbauer-Effect Apparatus for
an Advanced Undergraduate Teaching
Laboratory."

N. Benczer-Koller and R. H. Herber,
‘Experimental Methods,’ in Chemical Applications
of Mossbauer Spectroscopy, edited by V. |.
Goldanskii and R. H. Herber (Academic Press,
New York, 1968), pp 114-58.

J. W. Klein and H. Faatz, GIT Fachz. Lab. 13.
741-4 (1969), ‘Aufbau eines industriellen
Mossbauer-Spektrometers.”

H. Yamamoto, Kinzoku 6, 49-56 (1969),
‘Instruments for Mossbauer Effect
Measurements."

J. J. Spijkerman, "Conversion Electron Mossbauer
Spectroscopy." in Mossbauer Effect Methodology
(Seventh Symposium on Mossbauer Effect
Methodology, New York City. January 31, 1971)

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edited by Irwin J. Gruverman (Plenum Press. New
York, 1971). Vol. 7. pp 85-96.

G. M. Kalvius and E. Kankeleit, "Recent
Improvements in Instrumentation and Methods of
Mossbauer Spectroscopy,” in Mossbauer
Spectroscopy and Its Applications. (Proc. of
Panel, Vienna, May 24-28, 1971) edited by (int.
Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1971), PP 9-88.

E. Kankeleit, ‘Some Technical Developments in
Mossbauer Spectroscopy,” in Proceedings
international Conference on Mossbauer
Spectroscopy. (International Conference on
Mossbauer Spectroscopy, Cracow, Poland,
August 25-30, 1975) edited by A. Z. Hrynkiewicz
and J. A. Sawicki (Wykonano W. Powielarni Akad.
Gorniczo-Hutniczej, Cracow, 1975). Vol 2, pp
43-58.

G. K. Shenoy and F. E. Wagner. “The
Measurement of lsomef Shifts,* in Mossbauer
isomer Shifts, edited by G. K. Shenoy and F. E.
Wagner (North-Holland Publishing Company,
Amsterdam, 1978), pp 49-110. _—

R. N. Kuz'min and A. A. Opalenko, Prib. Tekh.
Eksp. 7-16(1981), ‘Methods for Generating and
Measuring Pressure in Mossbauer Experiments."

G, Longworth, Stud. Phys. Theor. Chem. 25,
122-58(1983), “Instrumentation for Mossbauer
Spectroscopy.°

A. Deriu, ‘Methodology of Mossbauer
Spectroscopy." in Proceedings of the School on
Applications of Nuclear Gamma Resonance
Spectroscopy (Mossbauer Spectroscopy)
(Applications of Nuclear Gamma Resonance
Spectroscopy, ICIP, Trieste, Italy, August 11-16,
1986) edited by N. S. Eissa and G. Denardo
(World Scientific Publishing Co., Pte. Ltd.,
Singapore, 1988) pp 65-100.

M. L. Alexandrov and V. P. Andreev, Fresenius Z.
Anal. Chem. 335, 2-8(1989), "Some Aspects of
Analytical Instrumentation: Models, Techniques,
Instruments."

R. Nagarajan, Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. 27.
393-406 (1989), "Instrumentation for Mossbauer
Spectroscopy." ,

SLIDES

1.

2.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14,

15.
16.

17.
18,
19.
20.

PROPORTIONAL COUNTER DESIGN AND
CHARACTERISTICS CURVE

CO” ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM AND
INTERNAL CONVERSION

X-RAY ABSORPTION AND ABSORPTION
EDGES

X-RAY FLUORESCENCE

COMPTON EFFECT THEORY AND
COMPTON SPECTRUM

DOPPLER EFFECT AND GRS

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GAMMA
RESONANCE SPECTROMETER

RECOIL FREE EMISSION AND
ABSORPTION, OVERLAP INTEGRALS,
CURVE FITTING

LINE BROADENING THEORY
UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

THE DEBYE TEMPERATURE

THE GRS PARAMETERS

MAGNETIC SPLITTING, CLEBSCH-GORDON
COEFF.AND SELECTION RULES
MAGNETIC POLARIZATION

MAGNETIC MATERIALS; FERROMAGNETIC,
ANTIFERROMAGNETIC, RELAXATION
CURIE AND NEEL TEMPERATURES

FM MODULATION OF GAMMA RAYS
CONVERSION ELECTRON GRS
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF PLASTIC
MEASURED BY GRS

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VI. RESUMES (U)
———

(U) This section includes only those resumes that were not included in the original proposal.

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22

app Gia ACRE sobsidaise

June 10, 1991

4/48--CLA-RDP96-00789R003100170001-9 :
NAME: Byron Wm. Brown, Jr. SGFOIA3
BORN:
MARITAL SGFOIA3
STATUS:
OFFICE Department of Health Research and Policy, Division of
ADDRESS: Biostatistics, HRP, Room 114C, Stanford, CA 94305-5092
Phone: (415) 723-5687
HOME
ADDRESS: SGFOIAS
EDUCATION: University of Minnesota B.A. 1952
Major: Mathematics
University of Minnesota M.A. 1955
Major: Statistics
University of Minnesota Ph.D. 1959
Major: Biostatistics
Minor: Mathematics
ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS:
Assistant Professor, Biometry Division
University of Minnesota 1959-1961
Associate Professor, Biometry Division ’
University of Minnesota 1961-1965
Professor and Head, Biometry Division
Director of Graduate Study in Biometry
University of Minnesota 1965-1968
Professor and Head, Division of Biostatistics
Stanford University, California 1968-
Acting Chairman, Department of Family,
Community and Preventive Medicine 1975-1976,
Stanford University 1984
Chairman, Department of Health 1988-
Research and Policy
Stanford University
brown/cv1991

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